Replicating Machines

In Neal Stephenson’s novel, The Diamond Age, one of the characters makes the observation, ‘There were only ever two industries, the industry of things and the industry of entertainment.’ Within The Diamond Age the industry of things has been replaced by a technology where even the very poor have access to a household device which, when supplied with power, hydrogen and a suitable design template will produce food, clothes and gadgets on demand.

The design information is turned into a real world object by a tabletop factory. The consequences of such a machine would be immense. If anything we want can be swiftly produced to a template the only meaningful property becomes intellectual property.

Diamond Age matter compilers are a little ways yet in the future but it just so happens that there are a few people who are not happy to sit around waiting while nanotech catches up with Neal Stephenson. Adrian Bowyer, a mechanical engineer at the University of Bath is pushing the envelope with his ideas for RepRap, self-replicating, rapid prototyping machines. 

Rapid-prototyping has been around for a while. Objects which had previously only existed on drawings boards can be turned relatively quickly into three dimensional models. One way of doing this is by depositing molten plastic in layers using a precision servo system. This technique, which has certain similarities to inkjet printing, is usually referred to as 3D printing.

Commercial 3D printers are very expensively and at 20K Euros apiece are not the stuff of impulse buys. One way to promote the use of 3D printers is to design a printer that can print (some of) its own parts. This video 3D printer shows a budget, home made 3D printer at work.

This machine is called a Mendel. It is Adrian Bowyer’s second design. It is printing a set of parts for another Mendel. Adrian designed a 3D printer but he designed one with parts that it could make itself. This device is a so called Clanking Replicator, which is the name coined for a replicator that use conventional rather than nanotech parts.

It hardly needs to be said that this little robot, which is little more than a three axis servo system, falls well short of being capable of complete replication. Techniques for manufacturing printed circuits, where the machine can lay down low melt point metal, to serve as circuit tracks and wiring are being developed. But that leaves a lot of work to be done.

Bowyer isn’t building a replicator to make money out of it. Although there are a few kits for sale there isn’t a replicator business model as such. If the first thing you do with a new replicator is use it to build other replicators how will you make money building replicators? They don’t even try. The whole project adheres to the open source ethic. This gives builders visibility of all the design, even all the code that controls the system. This allows people to modify and debug it. And nobody owns the design.

Of course, aside from replicating itself the system can make a variety of neat items and this is where it gets interesting. A software package called Art_of_Illusion is available, also free, which can be used to model new parts and THINGIVERSE contains a huge variety of items that can be produced using a 3D printer.

So can replicators change the world? Recently we've seen the industry of record production being decimated by iTunes and the various file sharing sites. Books too are moving towards print on demand and electronic readers. We could expect a complete inversion of the rest of the economy if production on demand spread to artifacts.

In current business models, where artefacts are produced in highly efficient Asian factories, manufacture is a small part of the current commercial story. The gadget itself might as well have been grown in a plantation rather than manufactured. The main profit comes from the various parties who ‘add value’ through shipping, wholesale distribution, retail distribution, advertising and packaging. An object that sells for a hundred pounds in a Basingstoke mall might have earned the Asian manufacturer maybe ten pounds, but the job of getting the gadget from the factory into the consumer hands earns the rest of the chain ninety pounds. But with a desktop factory, we lose the need for that and the need for a whole bunch of carbon footprint caused by shipping stuff around the world.

I can’t help think that Adrian Bowyer’s RepRap is the way of the future. Bowyer won’t make any money out of it but that probably doesn’t worry him. I see he’s written an article, it’s interesting. Wealth_Without_Money

Eric Brown. The world's greatest test pilot

It’s about thirty years since the writer Tom Wolfe rather breathlessly revealed that, in addition to the well known ‘celebrity’ astronauts of the American space program, there were a whole bunch of people doing important work who were called engineering test pilots. Their achievements were every bit as important as the Apollo astronauts yet nobody knew their names. Nobody outside of aviation that is.

It happens that not all those great test pilots were American. Eric ‘Winkle’ Brown, a Scot borne in 1919, is one of the most remarkable of them all. For a country that gives out knighthoods for reading the television news the fact that Britain has not made more of Brown’s achievements is astonishing. Still in full possession of his wits, and wit, at 91 Brown’s work has covered the most exciting years of aviation - the period from 1940 to the Apollo landings in 1969.

Eric holds the world record of having flown the largest number of different aircraft types - 487. And he was the first to land a jet aircraft on a carrier.  In the closing months of the war he flew several advanced, (which is to say bloody tricky) German aircraft back to Britain. With an MA in German he was ideally suited to fly these and then he was in the front line of examining and analysing German secret research.

The following interview, conducted by the former BBC science correspondent Reginald Turnhill and including astronauts Joe Engle and George Abbey gives a fascinating glimpse of the times.

Top Test Pilots Discussion

It’s very hard not to be astonished by the German wartime achievements. Brown describes how they were way ahead of the Allies in virtually every aspect of aviation engineering with the possible exception of electronics. Brown describes the remarkable Me163 rocket plane. He was the only non-German to fly it under rocket power.

Also discussed is the almost forgotten Space Shuttle precursor, the X20 Dyna-Soar. This single seat, vertical launched craft would have landed conventionally after re-entering from Earth orbit. This was a fabulous road not taken in space exploration. With a genealogy going back to World War 2, Sanger’s proposed design for a German bomber capable of attacking the USA, the Dyna-Soar would have made an astonishing weapons systems.

Brown speaks of Concorde, the supersonic transport, generally noted for being British/French, but also with its roots in German wartime research.

I’d love to write more about Eric Brown, but I’m without my prime reference. I keep buying his biography, Wings on my Sleeve, then lending it to people and never getting it back. It’s recommended.

Wings on My Sleeve
X-20 Dyna-Soar
America Bomber